Insurance Industry and Public Relation the Need for Strategy Review - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3932 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? INSURANCE INDUSTRY AND PUBLIC RELATION: THE NEED FOR STRATEGY REVIEW By Sunday S. Akpan Department of Banking, Finance and Insurance University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria Abstract. This paper investigates the Nigerian Insurance industry from the perspective of public relations. This investigation becomes imperative now that all efforts are geared toward restructuring virtually every sector of the economy for sustainable growth and development. The insurance industry has suffered poor image problem and subsequently low patronage by the public. In an effort to repositioning the industry for effective and efficient performance the paper proposes from the public relative perspective a number of strategies such as prompt and accurate claims payment, automation of operation, aggressive and creative marketing of insurance products, good customer relationship management (CRM), simplified language of policies, the people issues, better business control and reporting, and the good code of ethics as strategies for repositioning the insurance industry in Nigeria. Introduction The Nigerian economy is made up of many sectors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Insurance Industry and Public Relation: the Need for Strategy Review" essay for you Create order These include the petroleum sector, the financial sector, agricultural sector, education, power, communication, aviation sectors etc. Insurance industry is one of the sub-sectors in the financial sector of the economy that has played a critical role toward the growth and development of the Nigerian economy as a whole. The Nigerian insurance industry has suffered what experts called image problem. Until very recently, many did not perceive insurance business as a crucial financial service mainly because the purchase of insurance service does not involve the exchange of any physical product (Babington-Ashaye, 2009). Although it is intangible, insurance is a crucial business service that creates and adds value. It lubricates the oil of business by being the risk bearer. Its importance is better appreciated when disaster of whatever magnitude occurs. Indeed, the economic importance of insurance is to reduce the financial implications of disasters thereby creating a sense of security, which encourages people to engage in commercial activities, without fear, irrespective of the degree of uncertainty. In other words, insurance service, from time immemorial, has always propelled business as it provides a safety net for entrepreneurs desirous of taking insurable risks. However, as the economy appears gloomy, and the perception of insurance industry appears frosty one would certainly seek answers to such questions as: (i)Being a strategy for managing risk and uncertainties how does insurance industry operate to guarantee good public relation? (ii)How is public relation in the Nigerian Insurance industry? iii)How would it be able to create a positive image and win good public relation? With perturbing speculations on the response, this study is therefore carried out to find the much needed answers to the above research questions. Consequently, the study seeks to achieve the following specific objectives: (i)To find how the insurance industry operate to guarantee good public relation. (ii)To examine public relation in the Nigerian Insurance industry. (iii)To highlight the various strat egies needed to create good public image, perception and relationship. Justification of the study Okoje (2008) admitted that the insurance industry has the capacity to perform more than it is currently doing. If the industry is repositioned, it would achieve the desired optimum level of performance. The profession and players in the industry must come to this realization and collectively evolve strategies for advancing the course of insurance. Carrying out this study is of great significance. First it will reveal the operational guide for use in insurance industry. Second, the study would provide solutions to the bothering issues raised in the above problem statement. Third, this study will offer useful strategies for effective and efficient operation of insurance firms in the industry. The study to a lesser extent would add to the available literature on the subject matter while also serving as a source material and reference for future writers in same or similar area of study. 2. 0Literature Review The relationship between insurance industry and the public has been a subject of concern by many writers. In trying to establish this nexus, many authors have adopted different approaches, methods and techniques. Some attempt an analysis of the role that insurance plays in ensuring the safety of the public, some focused on the importance of the industry to the economy and the society and yet others emphasized the regards that the people have for insurance industry. In this section, we shall focus our discussion on the main thrust of the study being how the public perceive insurance industry and the need for a review of the strategies that have been in use in relation to the current market situations. First we review the insurance industry in Nigeria. Second, examine public relation in the insurance industry and third we offer strategies for its effective operation. 2. 1The insurance Industry in Nigeria The insurance sector in Nigeria, per Soladoye (2010), germinated in 1921, although its regulation started only in 1961. After an indigenization process that the industry underwent in the 1970s, it was opened to foreign competition in the 1980s. Soladoye (2010) noted that the reform of Nigerias insurance industry started in 2005 with the announcement of new capitalization requirements for insurance companies. This led to the consolidation of the industry and 71 companies were recertified in February 2007. According to Babalola (2007) noted that the reform of the insurance sector was a defining moment for the sector, stating that it would form the basis for further reforms in line with FSS 2020. The minister announced that at the end of the day, we are going to have an Insurance sector that will actually have its own share in the FSS 2020. Before the announcement of the consolidation exercise in September 2005, the nation had 103 direct underwriters, 350 insurance brokers and five re-insurers. From March 1, 2007, insurance companies were required to increase their shareholders’ funds to N2 billion for life operations from N150 million, N3 billion as against the previous N200 million for non life operations and N10 billion for re-insurance business up from N350 million. The consolidation was also to significantly raise the contribution of the insurance industry to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from less than 1. 0 per cent in 2004, compared to 16 per cent in S/Africa; 14 per cent in the UK; 9 per cent in USA; and Malaysia. It was also to increase the number of Nigerians that buy insurance policies from only about 5. 0 per cent. The Insurance Act (2003), which came with reforms, was designed to transform the industry, increase the capitalization of insurance companies, classify the business of insurance into life insurance and general insurance business, and make provisions for better supervision and control of the industry in Nigeria. The Act also facilitated the prohibition of insurance of Nigerian based assets abroad except with the involvement of Nigerian insurers. The advent of the Pension Reform Act (2004) also supposedly brought some good fortunes for the insurance sector, as it required that employers of at least five workers should take out compulsory group life policy in favour of their workers. With these, many investors in anticipation of the turnaround of the fortune of the industry bought into insurance stocks to make good returns in the coming years and month, when the expectations would have crystallised. The exercise, was also supposed to reduce the playing field from then 103 direct underwriters, five re-insurers, 350 insurance brokers, thereby growing gross premium income further. The move was also to address the high fragmentation of the industry, where each of the top five players had less than 4. 0 per cent market share, excluding NICON with 16 per cent, while the top 10 companies accounted for 34 per cent of market share. The fragmentation was blamed for the inefficient pricing and service levels in the industry, characterized by lack of product innovation, delay/default in claims payment. Efekoha (2009) admitted this much when he said the industry consolidation programme led to marked improvement in the performance of the insurance companies quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). According to him: â€Å"The consolidation exercise has impacted positively on the industry as noticeable in increasing confidence of investors in insurance stock, and increased capacity of local players and ability to retain greater risks. The sector following the recapitalization exercise has really emerged as a formidable player in the financial services sector. The trend in the capital market shows that insurance stock prices have been on the upward trend. Many investors are ecording huge capital gains that have made instant millionaires of those who invested heavily in insurance stock, and this trend promises to continue. † He noted that the initial anger that trailed the pronouncement of new minimum capital levels by most operators in the sector gave way to enthusiasm, as operators began to see the â€Å"bigger picture† unfold. When the government consolidation campaign got to the insurance sector, most people felt the new capital regime of between N2-billion to N1 0-billion was far too high for the local market. However, the local market is now being driven by enhanced risk retention capacity, sundry alliances, and offshore participation that have all raised the prospects of the sector. IBS (2010) concluded that Nigerian insurers could start earning a yearly gross premium income of N1. 27-trillion ($10-billion) by 2016. The report by IBS analyzed several issues in the Nigerian insurance industry including premium growth rates, marketing and distribution, pricing, product development, and best prospects, among others. Labelling the Nigerian insurance industry, a ‘goldmine’ perhaps best represents its latent opportunities. Though demand for insurance services in the country has remained relatively low since the past 40 years due to problems, which include lack of capacity and low insurance awareness, analysts say the industry can potentially generate an annual Gross Premium of USD10 billion (N1. 27 trillion) in the next 10 years,† IBS stated in its summary of findings from m arket trends in the Nigerian insurance market. With the enhanced capital, the insurers predominantly owned by Nigerians were expected to play deeper in the niche markets- oil and gas, marine, aviation and life insurance. 2. 2The Public Relation Perspective of Insurance Industry According to Adeda (2009), the business of insurance is about trust and the only way the industry can get to the heart of the people is when insurers deliver their promises promptly. The industry, he said, must consistently uphold the principles of ethics and probity in order for the industry to be assured of a future. The insurance industry in Nigeria has up to date suffered the image problem. Confirming this, Adeda (2009) said â€Å"I have come to realize that the major impediment to the penetration of insurance in Nigeria is lack of awareness, coupled with the culture and attitude of our people. The problem of poor image, which has been lingering in the nation’s insurance industry for over half a century, has been identified as one major contributory factor impairing the growth of this strategic sector, resulting in loss of public confidence in the industry. For many people across the globe, insurance is nothing more than a necessary evil. In most societies, there is often a clear understanding of the nature, need and essence of insurance. But in the Nigerian environment, the perception is different. The average man on the street hardly understands the workings of insurance or if there is any value to be derived from entrusting part of his earnings to an insurance company. These are the daunting tasks to tackle as no nation could develop without embracing modern insurance. Till date the public relation image of the insurance industry is still gloomy. This description of the insurance industry by Adebayo (2009) suffices: The ordinary Nigerian does not see any need in taking insurance policy. It is not that he/she has once taken any policy and was disappointed when it was time for claim, but a matter of lack of culture for insuring his life or assets. While some people see banks as partners in safekeeping of their money and valuables, insurance is seen as a thing for some kind of people. This is a challenge confronting insurers, the effort to improve market penetration and make the industry compete effectively in the global market. Across the globe, people naturally do not imbibe the culture of insurance unless educated and convinced about the need to protect what they value. So, that Nigerians do not buy insurance is not to say that we are different from others, but it is because we have not been exposed adequately to the knowledge and importance of getting ourselves associated with insurance (p. 3) 2. 3Insurance Industry and Public Relation: Strategy Review For insurance industry to live up to its billings and garnered or whirled good public relation, the strategies hitherto in use must have to be review and upgraded. Special focus will be on insurance as an agent of development even in the rural areas. (i)Strategy I: Prompt and Accurate Claims Payment A major reason why insurance was treated with disdain in the past was its poor record of claims settlement and delay in the payment of verified claims. As Ruebenson (2010) declared recently, â€Å"for insurance operations, claims had better be a core competence or you just won’t be successful†. Many insurance companies have not fared well in this area. Understandably, insurance products can easily be abused. Indeed, clients who may be out to cheat for monetary gains can abuse the policies drafted. This is not a peculiar phenomenon in our country. There are many cases in other jurisdictions of persons who committed crimes and unethical practices in the hope of harvesting insurance compensation from the insurer obvious of the equitable maxim that he â€Å"who must come to equity must come with clean hands’. This often justifiably raises the issue of legality of insurance claims. However, litigation over claims put a great strain on the ability of the insurance practitioner to establish that the company he represents is a credible firm. The engagement of loss adjusters notwithstanding, the negative impacts generated by delayed settlement or repudiation of phony claims and litigations, are often immense. (ii)Strategy II: Automation of Operation In spite of the fact that the above developments were caused by the desire of the insurers to fish out spurious claims, many operators in the industry have come to realize that verification of claims can be expeditiously done through the adoption of appropriate software and the creation of a single customer data-base from disparate back-office systems including underwriting, claims, billing, policy-management, etc. With increased recapitalization and consolidation, it is hoped that many insurers would be able to create a single source of customer data using information and communication technology (ICT) facilities such that a single, real-time view of customers’ total portfolio will be available to agents, brokers and sales executives. Sophisticated ICT systems are vital for managing business intelligence, but technology is also important for making internal processes more efficient and cost effective. The goal of technology is not just automation. The imperative is to link billing systems to eligibility systems, provider system, claims systems and reporting systems. With these, the lead-time for the processing of claims will be significantly reduced. Thus, re-engineering the various processes, procedures and organizational structure can pay dividends for claims management. Also, with the envisaged increase in capitalization, ability to pay claims would also not be a problem. (iii)Strategy III: Aggressive and Creative Marketing of Insurance Products The Insurance practitioners must deliberately strive to identify the needs of their consumers, plan produces that will adequately meet those needs, properly price, promote and distribute those products such that both parties will mutually benefit from the process. In other words, the insurer must translate not only the customers’ needs into product and service requirements but also must deliver the products at competitive rates with the right quality. Insurers should therefore not underestimate the importance of product features and strategy even as they pursue their distribution networks. Especially significant is the need to innovate as conditions change and to service unmet demands or segments. This may require the modification of existing covers or providing totally new options. The insured should be delighted by the quality and variety of product/service he gets such that his patronage is assured. Product offerings must be aligned, though, with the insurer’s broad value proposition and strategic direction. So the aim of any alliance or acquisition is not to increase the number of products per se. he goal should be to assemble a product portfolio that allows the insurer to serve as many target customers as possible and to respond quickly to the changing needs of the market. Thus, with the on-going consolidation and deregulation of the financial services sector, it is hoped that mergers of insurance companies will produce a pot pourri of products while the tariffs for premium will now be more competitive and attractive and attractive for the insurer to be abl e to deliver on his promise. Whether we like it or not, the whole business of insurance must be built around the customer to guarantee his brand loyalty. In other words, insurance companies must continue to carefully develop products based on the information they obtain from the market place and package them in a manner that will both be beneficial to the insured and insurer. (iv)Strategy IV: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) The introduction of Customer Relationship Management is a critical success factor in insurance business. Insurers must imbibe this market-focused philosophy because, companies that can tailor their product lines and distribution channels to tested customer needs, with a focus on service, will win competitive advantage. v)Strategy V: Simplify Language of Policies Winning the confidence of the insured is crucial. Confidence can only be built if the insured understands what he/she is being encouraged to purchase. To achieve this confidence, there is need to simplify the language with which insurance policies are couched. A home grown policy design should be evolved by the industry rather than the archaic legal jargons evolved by the merchants of old. The business world is dynamic and there is no reason why the policies, which are basically contracts, cannot be written in modern day English language and legal expressions. Except potential policy buyers know and understand the contract they are going into, trust, which is the basis of insurance, would not exist. Where there is no trust, business cannot be sustained on a long-term basis. (vi)Strategy VI: The People Issues The processes for promoting and marketing insurance services have largely been through insurance agents, brokers and sales executives. These intermediaries help to educate very carefully the intricacies of each insurance policy to clients. When the policies are purchased, they also provide any after sales services that may be required. They also negotiate settlement with insurers and loss adjusters on the insured’s behalf. Insurance salesmen are used also to market the products. Given the challenges of globalization and the impact of information technology on businesses, including insurance, greater investment needs to be made in capacity building in order to improve the skills of exiting employees. If need be, persons from outside the organization that have the right skills can also be recruited to add fresh blood into the system. Also, the various intermediaries need to be trained extensively such that they will continue to adhere to code of best practices in the industry. (vii)Strategy VII: Better Business Control and Reporting In keeping with the imperative to pursue sustainable growth, there is need to improve the internal controls of insurance companies not only to eliminate wastes and improve their efficiency but also to ensure that business decisions are optimally taken. In this respect, they must constantly review their value chain in order to achieve the desired level of performance. This is the way to go. Insurers able to demonstrate mastery of their internal control processes will win consumer loyalty, as good financial health provides customers with evidence of longevity. (viii)Strategy VIII: The Code of Ethics For the insurance industry to remain the lubricant of the wheel of business, the profession must develop and enforce a Code of Ethics in line with universally accepted norms. The Code should define in very clear terms, the acceptable practices and mannerisms of insurance practitioners. All non-conformists or deviant behaviours must be sanctioned without fear or favour. If there are not sacred cows, the industry will be the better for it as the confidence of stakeholders would be sustained. We must collectively redefine the rules and raise the ethical bar for the industry to continue to flourish. To be trusted, we must be trustworthy. The time for the regulatory agencies and professional insurance institute to act is now. 3. 0Conclusion and implications. In this write-up I have stressed the importance of insurance and the disproportionate perception place on it by the public. Indeed, insurance is perceived as a service you can do without or an afterthought! This perception is an irony. It is against this that I advocated above the need for the Insurance Industry and the Insurance Profession to urgently re-engineered, redefined and refocused its strategy to whirl good public relation. Insurance must rightly be seen as a Win/Win undertaking. Insurance creates value because it protects. It creates value because it is an antidote to fear, uncertainties and risk, stimulates and encourages investment. If its strategy as reviewed is explored, it will continue to reinforce and facilitate trade both at the national and international levels, such that value and wealth are created on a sustainable basis. Indeed, the personnel of an organization are its greatest assets. Any investment in human capital is an investment in the future of the organization. Reviewing the insurance industry strategy should not begin and end with just recapitalization and induced mergers. This should be the first step. We must move towards prompt and accurate claims payment, automation of operation, aggressive and creative marketing of insurance products, customer relationship management (CRM), simplify language of policies etc. Only then will the insured feel confident that they have coverage for any insurance product purchased and their perception corrected. The above investigation has a number of implications for the insurance industry, practitioners and policy owners. To the industry, the above findings would rejuvenate the entire industry by injecting new methods and modus operandi for effective operation. It will also enable the industry to compete effectively against others in the economy at the local and international scene. The findings will benefit insurance practitioners by means of efficiency, profitability and sustainability. Operators would by the findings of their paper be able to device measures capable of moving their respective insurance firms to a greater height. Also the practitioners would improve upon their overall performance in the midst of stringent regulations, turbulent operational environment and sophisticate consumer market. The policy owners would increase their level of confidence reposed on the industry and fully tapped the benefits thereof. Such would be guaranteed of prompt claim payment, good insurance product, deepened product awareness, zero time services provision etc Generally, the government would also benefit from the proceeds of the industry since some major macro economic problems of the society like unemployment would be solved. Also a meaningful contribution would be made to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). References Adebayo, T. (2009). Introduction to Risk Management and InsurancePrentice Hall of India Private Limited. Adeda, L. (2009). Outlines agenda for changing insurance perception in Nigeria Babalola, G. (2007). Principles of Risk Management and Insurance. 10th edition, Pearson International Edition. Efekoha, D. (2009) Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms, 6th edition, Hauppauge, Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. IBS (2010). The Investment Case for the Insurance Sector. Louise P. (2008). Improving Public Opinion of Health Insurance Companies Malthouse Press Limited, Lagos. Okoje, N. (2008). Customer Service Strategy for Insurance Industry. Industry Guide 1(2): 40-49. Soladoye, G. (2010), Risk Management and Insurance Application 2nd Edition. The Insurance Act (2003), Publication of Nigerian Insurers Association.

Interview of Supervisor at School Age Care Center Essay

I visited in a School Age Care Center to take an interview with the supervisor of the school age care center to get the answer to my previous assignment’s (grade K-3) question, now I am providing all her answer related to my questions following in my writing. The questions are: 1. What is your philosophy for running your school age care center? Answer: Our policy /philosophy is an inclusive setting for running this school age care center. 2. How do you and your other educators deal with the parents? Answer: Our policy is an open door policy. When parents come to pick their child , we open our door to come inside and talk with them to make them easy. 3. What kind of interest areas do you provide for the school age†¦show more content†¦10. What is your policy to provide the childs knowledge about cultural diversity? Answer: Pot luck, cultural clothing’s, games, crafts. 11. Tell me about your homework helping program for students in your center. Answer: Children do their homework, if they have a hard time to complete their homework then we help them to make it easy to do their homework. 12. If you offer a reward program for the children, tell me how do you do that? Answer: We don’t have a reward program, but they have a prize if they perform their activities. 13. What is your policy to stop child abuse? Answer: We have zero tolerance about the child abuse. To stop the child abuse we have a meeting with the parents. If child abuse is out of control then we contact with CIS(Child Aid Society) for taking action against the child abuse.. 14. Tell me about your field trip program for children? Answer: We have a field trip activities for children, such as Ski, seasonal related games. 15. What are your activities to improve a child’s eye and hand coordination? Answer: The activities are outdoor game, craft act. 16. Tell me about children’s sports program in your centre? Answer: We don’t have sports program. 17. 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Law On Electronic Commerce Guide Enactment -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Law On Electronic Commerce Guide Enactment? Answer: Introducation Issues related to postal rule are considered as controversial part of the contract law, as it includes the question related to the time and type of contract formation. There is requirement of remote communications when parties to the contract are not available for discussing every fact related to the transaction, otherwise it impose various questions related to the offer and acceptance of the contract. This rule is introduced for the purpose of solving the struggles and glitches in the communication of contract and acceptance. This section of the paper discusses the meaning and history of the postal rule[1]. Meaning- offer and acceptance are considered as two important elements of the law of contract and these two elements consider the presence and processes of the contract between the parties. Postal rule is considered as immunity to the basic rules of offer and acceptance. Generally, business-law acceptance rules stated that it is possible to revoke or withdraw the offer any time before it is accepted by other party. Postal rule is introduced by the party to resolve the problems occurred between the parties. These particular issues are raised by the different modes of communication. Usually, post or mail is mentioned as snail mail" because it take more time to reach to recipient. This may result in issues in context of both formation and revocation of contract between the parties. Offerors are not able to known about the acceptance and revocation In general mode of communication, it is deemed that acceptance is received when it is given to the offeror by the offeree, even though such acceptance not even read by the offeror. In case of post, special rule is applied which state that in case of post acceptance occurred when offeree post the letter. This can be understood through case law Bressan v Squires, Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] 2 NSWLR 460[2]. In this case, Court held that contract was not formed until acceptance related to the contract is actually communicated to the offeree, but postal rule was an exception to this general rule which states that acceptance was communicated when letter was posted by the offeror[3]. Creation of postal rule- this rule was introduced in case law Adam v Lindsell [1818] B Ald 681[4]. In this case, court held the contract creation time through mail. In this case, two parties communicated the facts of the case through the post because of which, it was not possible to determine the precise time of the acceptance. In this mail send by the parties last for insufficient days and both the parties does not had knowledge about the communication. This issue creates number of problems and result in the introduction of postal rule. There was one more case Henthorn v Fraser [1892] [5]in which Court discusses the postal rule. After discussing the facts of both the cases, it can be said that when situations are of such nature that it must have been within the inspection of the parties, post can used as means of communication for the purpose of accepting the offer directed by the offeror, and in this context accounting is completed as letter is posted. In the situation when parties made deal face to face, business parties discuss every fact and communicate whenever any issue arises. However, in the situation of distant contracting or indirect business, method of communication which is instantaneous in nature is not available. In this type of situation parties to the business are not aware of the acceptance or refusal of the contract, this rule of post is used by the Court to resolve the problematic cases related to delay of communication. On the basis of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's Model Law on Electronic Commerce (UNCITRAL), the Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth) was initiated on March 15th 2000, and this Act was considered as part of the strategic policy framed by the government of Australia for the purpose of developing information economic. Government of Australia established the Electronic Commerce Expert Group for the purpose of reporting the issues related to ecommerce adopted UNCITRAL for dealing with the issues in B2B business. In this context, UNCITRAL gives the surety that people get the advantage from the growth of new information technology (IT)[6]. As per the report published by the Attorney Generals E-Commerce Expert Group during the period of April 1998, the country of the offeror operating the business will regulate the contract in case acceptance related to the contract arises at the offerors place of business, unless agreed by the parties. Government created the Electronic Transactions Act 2000[7] for the purpose of responding to the report. As per this Act, communication in electronic form paralleled to the individual to whom information is needed to be given, which consent related to the information must be given through electronic communication only. Time of receipt in context of electronic communication is considered as time when such communication enters in the information system. This statement reflected the role of the postal rule application in contracts formed through mail and such mail are not received by the offeror until offeror operated the system. It must be noted that, provisions of this Act does not applied in case of telex machines or facsimile. It can be said that, both the Act provide new way to the postal rule application. Once communication exists, then it is possible to use the postal rules for solving the issues in distant business. Various times postal rule have been developed and amended for the purpose of meeting the demand of present business environment[8]. The main purpose of Commonwealths Electronic Transaction Act 1999[9] is to provide facility in context of electronic transactions, as it also validates the digital or electronic versions of signatures, and electronic communications in case hard copies are required[10]. In regards of E-mail there are two ways of communication. First way of communication is through the internet. In this press button is press by the user for the purpose of transmitting the E-mail to the internet server provider (ISP). With the help of ISP, E-mail travels by way of internet where it may send on across the world until it reaches the receivers ISP. Then the receiver is able to download the e-mail by logging onto his ISP[11]. Second way of communication is the electronic data interchange (EDI). EDI is considered as system which creates direct link between two parties and because of this email send by one party immediately reaches the computer of receivers. It must be noted that this direct link between the parties, makes the communication instantaneous. However, internet takes time to send the information and cannot be classified as instantaneous. With the changing business environment Court needs to decide whether scope of postal rule extend to the modern developments in communication named as instantaneous communication. With the progression of economics methods, dispatch and receipt of any message needs to coincide and any law that dealt with the delay of message between the two parties such as postal rule considered as useless or outdated law. There are number of reasons which deal with the discussion in context of applicability of postal rule and reason of not applying the postal rule on E-mail communication through the internet. The basis reason behind this is the type of communication. It is already stated above that E-mail through internet is a non-instantaneous type of communication and stated as the digital equivalent of the postal system. However, there is exception to this rule that speed of the communication is equal to the instantaneous communication systems such as telex[12]. In case experts concluded that E-mail is an instantaneous method of communication, then in such case postal rule is not applied to the acceptances transmitted by E-mail. However, argument is also stated for the purpose of supporting the application of postal rule in context of E-mail, and such argument is that offeree in the contract must not be responsible for any fault which might be occur after the transmission of the communication of acceptance. The idea behind this argument is that generally offeree lost control on the communication of acceptance and he done all the possible action for transmitting the acceptance to the offeror. This argument mainly held the offeror liable for any fault and in this assumption is taken that oferor bear all the risk related to problems which might be occurred after the transmission of E-mail by the offeree. However, in lieu of functionality provided by available e-mail systems this argument is not convincing in nature because it is possible for of feree to check the progress of E-mail sent by offeree and even offeree can also detect the time when such E-mail is actually opened by the Offeree[13]. It can be said that offeree retains the control over the acceptance till the time such acceptance is read by the offeror. This shift in the balance of power state the majority of policy considerations which have been justify the application of postal acceptance rule. This fact is also considered that offeree can make telephone call to make confirmation that the e-mail acceptance message has been received by the offeror. Therefore, it is possible for offeree to determine whether binding contract is made and he or she can also state their fats accordingly. The success of commercial transactions which are generally conducted over the internet shows that contracting parties does not need a rule of postal acceptance for addressing any delays in communication of E-mail. In recent decision, court showed their dissent for applying the postal acceptance rule to modern communication especially in case of instantaneous methods of communication. This ruling is mainly reflected by Hedigan J of the Supreme Court of Victoria in case law Nunin Holdings v Tullamarine Estates. In this Hedigan J stated, recent authority discuss the more modern methods of communication, and prefer not to apply the postal rule of acceptance in strict manner, and consider the intention of parties while applying the general rule of acceptance that is for being effective acceptance to the contract must be communicated. Therefore, it is concluded by the Court in context of general rule of acceptance, that acceptance which is sent by the E-mail must not be effective till the time such acceptance is communicated to the offeror. The concept of instantaneousness communication can be understood through case law Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 QB 327 [14]and Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandels GmbH [1983] 2 AC 34[15]. These cases state that postal rule will not be applied on E-mails because they are instantaneousness mode of communication. References ACL, management, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-agreement.html#acceptance, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. ACL, Bressan v Squires, Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] 2 NSWLR 460, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/bressan.html, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. Adam v Lindsell [1818] B Ald 681. Sharon Christensen, Formation of Contracts by Email Is it Just the Same as the Post?, https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=4cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwi-jcXj2O_YAhUETI8KHeDAAuMQFgg6MAMurl=https%3A%2F%2Flr.law.qut.edu.au%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F58%2F57%2Fus=AOvVaw2cYLw3y4nEzp9LV9mzsi9D, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. Shanti Rubens, The Electronic Transactions Acts in Practice, (2002), https://www.tved.net.au/index.cfm?SimpleDisplay=PaperDisplay.cfmPaperDisplay=https://www.tved.net.au/PublicPapers/March_2002,_Lawyers_Education_Channel,_The_Electronic_Transactions_Acts_in_Practice.html, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. UNCITRAL, UNCITRAL Model Law on economics Commerce Guide to Enactment with 1996, (1996), https://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05-89450_Ebook.pdf, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. Austlii, Hill, Simone W. B --- "Email Contracts - When is the Contract Formed?" [2001] JlLawInfoSci 4; (2001) 12(1) Journal of Law, Information and Science 46, (2001), https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JlLawInfoSci/2001/4.html#Heading39, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. Kathryn Shea Kylie Skeahen, Acceptance of Offers by E-Mail - How Far Should the Postal Acceptance Rule Extend?, (1997), https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=16cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjstoKg3O_YAhUJSY8KHUaSDs0QFghuMA8url=https%3A%2F%2Flr.law.qut.edu.au%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F446%2F433usg=AOvVaw0yDnTQmqzSi7vCyV1OEOG1, Accessed on 23rd January 2018

My Reasons To Go To College Essays - , Term Papers

My Reasons To Go To College It's unbelievable how each year, since the beginning of high school, my perfectly laid plans for myself have unavoidably deteriorated. When I entered my freshman year, I had aspirations of being a doctor (something I had wanted to be since I was a child); I was even taking Latin to help with the medical jargon. Now, here I am my senior year in high school without any idea of what I want to do. Now seems to be the time to start taking life seriously and making responsible, educated choices. Now I come to a crossroad in my life where I choose what to do with my future, choose what will make me happy. My plans for the future is having a great job with a loving family who's willing to support me in my good and bad times.. But now I realize that there are so many other steps I need to take in order to achieve these so-called goals. This includes graduating from high school and college, finding that special someone, and finding that perfect job. I have begun to realize that I have yet to begin my life; everything up until now has been practice, as if I have been in a cage and it is only now that I am beginning to break free and do things for myself. I must work really hard to give my kids a better future so it will be easier for them to concentrate more in school, because without education there's really no future for anyone. . I want to be satisfied with my decisions, to be able to accept and forgive, and most of all to be able to live up to the expectations I have for myself. . I will only accomplish my goal in being happy when I am able to live my life for myself and still able to provide love and support to others. Acceptance Essays

The Poor Relation by Charles Dickens Essay Example

The Poor Relation by Charles Dickens Essay Example The Poor Relation by Charles Dickens Essay The Poor Relation by Charles Dickens Essay The Poor Relation by Charles Dickens and The Secret Life of Walter Mitty by James Thurber Compare the Treatment of a Fictitious World by Both Authors In both The Poor Relation and The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, the main story revolves around the main characters tendency to live in a fantasy world. In this way the two short stories are very similar. However, the way the two authors, Dickens and Thurber, have treated this main theme is quite different. Firstly, the two stories are not the same. In The Poor Relation, Dickens has told the pitiful and yet undeserving story of a poor relative whos life has mostly been a disaster, though which he has lost everything, including his friends and companions. The story is set in the 19th Century, at a middle-class familys gathering. The poor relation stands up and tells his story. He starts by reminding the family about what they have seen of his life. He then goes on to claim that this is not the truth and that his real life is far different to anything they could have imagined. This is when he explains about this real life in great detail. However, Dickens adds a twist in the end. It turns out that the poor relations claim that he leads a secret life is actually false and it is simply his fantasy life; the life he wished he had led. His real life was in fact the one he had described at the beginning, a miserable and unlucky one. The life he wished he had led is the opposite of everything in his real life. The poor relation is a modest, shy, unlucky and dull character that is clearly feeling sorry for himself. In The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, the story is told in the past tense. It is a simple story, about a Mr. and Mrs. Mitty and their everyday life. Walter Mitty, however, has a strange habit of daydreaming. He is capable of turning the most boring of everyday situations and sights into a dramatic, action packed and humorous scene. For example, when he drives past a hospital, he imagines he is in charge of a complicated surgical operation in an operating theatre and when he sees a newspaper boy talking about a recent trial, he imagines he is the judge in a courtroom trial. He dreams these fantasy delusions to escape the dull life he leads with his bossy and slightly mad wife. Walter Mitty himself is a shy, laid back person. The story is set in the 1940s in America. The techniques used in these stories by the two authors are also different. In The Poor Relation, Dickens delves into the ficticious world once, although for a long passage, and we do not know until the end that this is fictitious. He uses suspense in the first half of the story as the poor relation tells his family that he is not what they think he is and is to tell the truth after he has explained what he describes as What I am supposed to be. This explanation of the real world and the fictitious world can easily be compared. For example, when he talks about his real life, he talks about his wife leaving him for rich man. In his dream world however, he states that one would expect her to go off with some rich man, but in fact she stayed with him and lived happily ever after. This emphasises his regret that his wife left him in reality. In The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty, the fictitious world is mentioned several times and in short passages. The situation differs every time Walter Mitty dreams. He usually floats into a dream when he sees something that captures his imagination. For example, when he drove past the hospital. In real life, he does ordinary, boring things and is hen-pecked by his wife. He does as he is told, although reluctantly, because he is so far away in his own little world to care. It is clear from the beginning to see the difference between fiction and reality. It is interesting to compare the dull, uneventful real world Walter lives in to the exciting, dramatic and sometimes over-the-top world he dreams about. The language in the two stories reflects the language used at the time of writing. As The Poor Relation was written in and set in the Victorian age of England, Dickens time, it uses a formal, old-English language. As The Secret Life was written in the 1940s, after the Second World War, Thurber uses strange phrases and sayings from wartime/post-war America. Also, with Thurber being a 20th Century author, modern language has a greater effect on the language of the play. Therefore, The Poor Relation comes across as being more serious and formal as a pose to The Secret Life, which is informal and humorous. Also, through the presentation of the two different characters we get a better understanding of how and why they slip into and out of their dream lives. In The Poor Relation, Dickens presents the main character as a stubborn and yet very unlucky, old man who has obviously failed in life. Therefore he searches for something to make his life seem worthwhile, which he finds through describing his ideal course of life. Dickens uses a similar character in The Christmas Carol. In The Christmas Carol, the main character is Scrooge a very stubborn, ungrateful, old man who has obviously failed in life. Towards the end of the story, however, Scrooge wishes he could have led a finer and more honest life. There is a clear link between Scrooge and the Poor Relation. In The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, Thurber describes the main character in much the same way a shy, laid-back and yet still quite irritable husband who finds his life boring and meaningless. He is constantly being hen-pecked and nagged by his wife so much so, that he has gone past the point of caring. Therefore he searches for something fresh to keep him stimulated in life, which is where his fantasy world becomes relevant. Overall, I think that both Dickens and Thurber present their ideas of somebody living in a fictitious world with great effect. They both evoke pity for the main characters. Although more complicated to read and understand, The Poor Relation gets a better response from the reader. The reader feels sorry for the Poor Relation but the blame only lies on the Poor Relation; it was his fault that he had failed in life. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, however, is simpler and therefore easier to understand and enjoy. The reader feels genuine pity for Walter Mitty but also finds the situation in which he finds himself to be in humorous.

A Guide to the History of Mongooses

A Guide to the History of Mongooses Mongooses are members of the Herpestidae family, and they are small carnivorous mammals with 34 separate species found in about 20 genera. As adults, they range in size from 1-6 kilograms (2 to 13 pounds) in weight, and their body lengths range between 23-75 centimeters (9 to 30 inches). They are primarily African in origin, although one genus is widespread throughout Asia and southern Europe, and several genera are found only on Madagascar. Recent research on domestication issues (in the English language academic press, anyway), has principally focused on the Egyptian or white-tailed mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon). The Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) is a medium-sized mongoose, adults weighing about 2-4 kg (4-8 lb.), with a slender body, about 50-60 cm (9-24 in) long, and a tail about 45-60 cm (20-24 in) long. The fur is grizzled gray, with a markedly darker head and lower limbs. It has small, rounded ears, a pointed muzzle, and a tasseled tail. The mongoose has a generalized diet that includes small to medium-sized invertebrates such as rabbits, rodents, birds, and reptiles, and they have no objections to eating the carrion of larger mammals. Its modern distribution is all over Africa, in the Levant from the Sinai peninsula to southern Turkey and in Europe in the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula. Mongooses and Human Beings The earliest Egyptian mongoose found at archaeological sites occupied by humans or our ancestors is at Laetoli, in Tanzania. H. ichneumon remains have also been recovered at several South African Middle Stone Age sites such as Klasies River, Nelson Bay, and Elandsfontein. In the Levant, it has been recovered from Natufian (12,500-10,200 BP) sites of el-Wad and Mount Carmel. In Africa, H. ichneumon has been identified in Holocene sites and in the early Neolithic site of Nabta Playa (11-9,000 cal BP) in Egypt. Other mongooses, specifically the Indian gray mongoose, H. edwardsi, are known from Chalcolithic sites in India (2600-1500 BC). A small H. edwardsii was recovered from the Harrappan civilization site of Lothal, ca 2300-1750 BC; mongooses appear in sculptures and associated with specific deities in both Indian and Egyptian cultures. None of these appearances necessarily represent domesticate animals. Domesticated Mongooses In fact, mongooses dont seem to have ever been domesticated in the true sense of the word. They dont require feeding: like cats, they are hunters and can get their own dinners. Like cats, they can mate with their wild cousins; like cats, given the opportunity, mongooses will return to the wild. There are no physical changes in mongooses over time which suggest some domestication process at work. But, also like cats, Egyptian mongooses can make great pets  if you catch them at an early age; and, also like cats, they are good at keeping the vermin down to a minimum: a useful trait for humans to exploit. The relationship between mongooses and people seems to have taken at least a step towards domestication in the New Kingdom of Egypt (1539-1075 BC). New Kingdom mummies of Egyptian mongooses were found at the 20th dynasty site of Bubastis, and in Roman period Dendereh and Abydos. In his Natural History written in the first century AD, Pliny the elder reported on a mongoose he saw in Egypt. It was almost certainly the expansion of the Islamic civilization that brought the Egyptian mongoose into southwestern Iberian peninsula, likely during the Umayyad dynasty (AD 661-750). Archaeological evidence indicates that prior to the eighth century AD, no mongooses were to be found in Europe more recently than the Pliocene. Early Specimens of Egyptian Mongoose in Europe One nearly complete H. ichneumon was found in the Cave of Nerja, Portugal. Nerja has several millennia of occupations, including an Islamic period occupation. The skull was recovered from the Las Fantasmas room in 1959, and although the cultural deposits in this room date to the latter Chalcolithic, AMS radiocarbon dates indicate that the animal went into the cave between the 6th and 8th centuries (885-40 RCYBP) and was trapped. An earlier discovery was four bones (cranium, pelvis and two complete right ulnae) recovered from the Muge Mesolithic period shell middens of central Portugal. Although Muge itself is securely dated to between 8000 AD 7600 cal BP, the mongoose bones themselves date to 780-970 cal AD, indicating that it too burrowed into early deposits where it died. Both of these discoveries support the intimation that Egyptian mongooses were brought into southwestern Iberia during the expansion of the Islamic civilization of the 6th-8th centuries AD, likely the Ummayad emirate of Cordoba, 756-929 AD. Sources Detry C, Bicho N, Fernandes H, and Fernandes C. 2011.  The Emirate of Cà ³rdoba (756–929 AD) and the introduction of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in Iberia: the remains from Muge, Portugal.  Journal of Archaeological Science  38(12):3518-3523.Encyclopedia of Life.  Herpestes. Accessed January 22, 2012Gaubert P, Machordom A, Morales A, Là ³pez-Bao JV, Veron G, Amin M, Barros T,  Basuony  M, Djagoun CAMS, San EDL et al. 2011.  Comparative phylogeography of two African carnivorans presumably introduced into Europe: disentangling natural versus human-mediated dispersal across the Strait of Gibraltar.  Journal of Biogeography  38(2):341-358.Palomares F, and Delibes M. 1993.  Social organization in the Egyptian mongoose: group size, spatial behaviour and inter-individual contacts in adults.  Animal Behaviour  45(5):917-925.Myers, P. 2000. Herpestidae (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed January 22, 2012 http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich. edu/site/accounts/information/Herpestidae.html.Riquelme-Cantala JA, Simà ³n-Vallejo MD, Palmqvist P, and Cortà ©s-Snchez M. 2008.  The oldest mongoose of Europe.  Journal of Archaeological Science 35(9):2471-2473. Ritchie EG, and Johnson CN. 2009.  Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation.  Ecology Letters 12(9):982-998.Sarmento P, Cruz J, Eira C, and Fonseca C. 2011.  Modeling the occupancy of sympatric carnivorans in a Mediterranean ecosystem.  European Journal of Wildlife Research  57(1):119-131.van der Geer, A. 2008  Animals in Stone: Indian mammals sculptured through time.  Brill: Leiden.

Implementation of Information System at Oman Company LLC Essay

Implementation of Information System at Oman Company LLC - Essay Example The essay "Implementation of Information System at Oman Company LLC" talks about the implementation of the information system at Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals Company LLC. It is a limited liability Company established vide the Royal Decree dated 23 September 2007 which stipulated the merger of Sohar Refinery Company LLC into Oman Refinery Company LLC. Twenty four years after the commissioning of the first Refinery in Oman, Sohar Refinery was commissioned in 2006 with a capacity of 116,000 bpd. Sohar Refinery was built with state-of-the-art technology to process the feedstock of long residue that is produced at MAF Refinery and blended with crude oil.The Government of Oman, represented by the Ministry of Finance, owns 75% of the Company’s shares, while the Oman Oil Company owns 25%. ORPC will continue to provide quality services and products, and with the two locations, it will take full advantage of the synergies and combined experiences in the business to benefit its cus tomers and all stakeholders.The Oman Oil Company has decided to update the traditional processing of the business operation. Here the business of the Oman Oil Company wants to establish better and effective technology regarding the management of the overall processing of the business information. Oman Oil Company has decided to establish and initiate the project of the Information system at the corporate processing plants. The main objective is to plan and manage the project in a way that the overall project turned out to be a success.

Disaster Management in Water Science Speech or Presentation

Disaster Management in Water Science - Speech or Presentation Example Furthermore, the water that has been tested from the treatment facilities show that the existing water is contaminated as it contains a lot of foreign traces of dirt which makes it unfit for human consumption. This is a major disaster that has engulfed the entire community which further contradicts the fact that ample clean water supply is essential for consumption. It is the duty of the county to ensure that clean and safe water is available for all people and animals. Dirty water bears the risk of causing numerous diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis among others hence this calls for water treatment (Mwenda, 1999).I intend to inform the public in general on the importance of treating water before using it for various purposes such as cooking, drinking just to mention. According to Agnes (2000), she notes that that are several ways of treating water and none of them is perfect. She further argues that the best option is to combine several methods together so as to achieve desirable results. On the other hand, most microbes are killed as a result of water treatment but contaminants for instance salts, heavy metals and some chemicals are not removed (Molo, 2003). It is advisable to let all suspensions in water to settle down before one starts water treatment. Boiling water is considered to be one of the safest meth

Development of Youth Culture Essay Example for Free

Development of Youth Culture Essay There is no single reason for the development of culture; rather, it came about as a result of the number of different social changes occurring at the same time. These developments included the increasing economic power of young people, the influence of the USA and globalisation, social changes at the end of World War 2, development of the media, demographic change in the numbers of young people and the transition to adulthood. Defining youth culture can be difficult because different cultures and interruptions in employment status’s can affect the perspective of what â€Å"youth† is. Culture is the way we live within our culture and youth culture is the way youth lives within it but because of the difficulties youth culture could mean different things to different cultures. Youth culture developed in the early 1950’s, although the idea of youth as a phase in life has a longer history. Youth culture was first developed in America after World War 2, which then Britain decided to follow due to media and other influences from America. In my opinion the most important factor that developed youth culture was the economic changes in society. Due to the demand in workers after the Second World War there was an economic growth. The first person to realise the impact this was having on young people was Abram’s (1959) who analysed the increased economic power of the ‘teenage consumer’. There was a noticeable pattern in what was getting most money spent on, because young people were the age group spending the highest proportion of their income on leisure activities and music, clothes and cosmetics. This increase in economic power created the conditions for the emerging youth culture to develop. For the first time, young people had significant amounts of money to spend. Another extremely important factor for the development was the social change at the end of World War 2. There was much more opportunities for young people and possibilities at this time. Before the war, Britain was characterized by a class structure. By the time it came to the 1950s, we started to see a change in the economy and this opened up oppurtunities and individual expression. Judging on conventional standards, opportunities were becoming bigger. Cinema, art, literature and theatre began to explore new ideas. Amongst many new ideas was that young people were a distinctive group with new values and ideas about their place in society. The next important development for youth culture in my opinion was the influence of the USA and globalisation. With the changing culture and the growth in affluence of the 1950s, there was a ready market for American goods and culture, which included rock and roll music and other products aimed at the new ‘teenage market’. A quote from Leech (’76) saying ‘youthquake’ explained how a change in the new youth was such a sudden change it was like an earthquake. Globalisation recognised what young people wanted and advertised it more. I think the next development of the youth culture which was important was the growth and specialization of media. Media was becoming a lot more popular and so was advertisement. The media started to advertise the products that young people during that time wanted and this was a massive boost for the economics and spread quickly across the world. The 1950’s saw an explosion of different sorts of media. This was only possible because of the growth in social diversity and an increase in spending power that persuaded companies to spend large amounts of money advertising the new media. As a high-spending and newly discovered group, young people became the target for advertisers and hence the commercial media competed to attract this market. Another social condition that made the development of youth culture possible was transition to adulthood. Transition refers to the movement from being economically and socially dependent on parents, towards independence. The length of transition increased over the 20th century as the average period in education. Due to the longer age of being in education, it meant that typical adult responsibilities were taken on increasingly later in life, leaving young people with a number of years where they were physically mature but without the responsibilities of adulthood. This caused young people to want their own place in society. The last social condition that helped youth culture become possible was the demographic change in numbers of young people. After the war because couple had been split for so long because of hundreds of men being sent abroad, many sexual experiences had been delayed for years. The result was that when the men were released from the armed forces in 1945/46, there was a huge increase in birth rate. Although many of the children born at this time were not ‘teenagers’ until the end of 1950’s, they did ensure that youth culture continued and grew as a cultural form. Around 50 to 60 years ago, for the first time, a youth culture appeared to be emerging – young people appeared to be developing their own values, customs, tastes, clothes, music and language. After studying and discussing all the different social conditions that developed youth culture I have discovered that youth culture wasn’t made overnight. It took all these 6 main factors to create this culture and carry it on until this day. Economics was the most important condition in my opinion due to the fact that it all started because of the economic boost after World War 2. America was the country that started this youth culture and Britain followed it after the war ended. Abercrombie et al. (2000) has suggested that youth culture has three distinguishing features: leisure, style and peer group.

Comparing Romanticism in Plymouth Plantation, Birthmark, and Rappaccini

  Ã‚     Puritanism and Romanticism differ in style, religious references, and plot content. Puritanism began to flourish with strict God-fearing Calvinists who had fled to America to escape religious persecution in Europe. With writers such as William Bradford and Edward Taylor, Puritan literature focuses on God's role in the lives of the people and adopts a simple religious style of writing. Romanticism was introduced to Americans in the nineteenth century, delivering a fresh literary and artistic style. This new literature pays more attention to the elements of tone, mood, and atmosphere, while also applying religion in the form of transcendentalism. These two types of literature are similar in the respect that they both encourage living simply. Puritan writers were concerned more with the message the literature portrayed than with form and dramatic elements. "Poetry was used to educated its reader, and was written using simple rhythm and common images" (Heimert 34). Puritan literature was plain in style. Much attention focused on God's will in the new world, man's relation to God, the nature of faith, and the history of New England. We can see these elements in the writings of William Bradford, the Governor of the Plymouth colony. "Of Plymouth Plantation" is considered to be New England's first literary achievement. It "is an historical account of the journey to the new world, and the hardships encountered upon arrival" (Fritscher 81). This poem was written to "preserve both the record and the fact of Plymouth's separate identity" (Heimert 51). Bradford's objective was to preach God's purpose in the founding of the Plymouth colony. "Of Plymouth Plantation" has two major themes: how Plymouth had failed the original goal of e... ...uestioning of reason and nature separated him from the Puritans. Yet both Romanticism and Puritanism are similar with their respect for simplicity, while they differ in many other ways.   Works Cited Boewe, Charles. "Rappaccini's Garden." American Literature. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1959. Fritscher, John. "The Sensibility and Conscious Style of Willaim Bradford." Bucknell Review. 1969. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown and Other Short Stories. New York: Dover Publications, INC. 1992. Heimer, Alan. The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985. Leone, Bruno, ed. Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne. San Diego: Greenhave Press, 1996. McPherson, Hugo. Hawthorne as a Myth-Maker: A Study in the Imagination. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989. Morison, Samuel. Of Plymouth Plantation. New York, Knopf, 1952.

Change and Organizations Essay

Change in organizations is an ongoing process. Change can either be planned or an unexpected result of a decision or other event (Grossman & Valiga, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss a change that has been implemented within the organization. Identity of the Instituted Change The changes necessitated by healthcare reform and consequences of the economy are challenging hospital administrators to decide how they will thrive and respond. A change instituted by the Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) at the hospital where I am employed is the discontinuation of special pay practices. The special pay practices involved are compensation for 40 hours per week when actual worked hours are 36 and compensation for at least a 4 hour minimum. This change has a positive financial impact which allows for growth of the organization. However, if not managed effectively, this change could have a negative effect on staff morale. Decisions by Leader Before implementing the discontinuation of special pay practices, the CNO communicated the goal to the directors and managers of the organization. A plan for roll out to the organization was developed. By building upon and partnering with leaders of the organization, successful shaping of the future can occur (Grossman & Valiga, 2009). While this change created turmoil within the organization, the leaders were armed with the necessary information to positively respond to employees. The CNO clearly defined the vision for the future of the organization. Pointing out with the disappearance of special pay practices, the decision was made to increase certification pay and tuition reimbursement. This change gives way to empowerment of self and aids in achieving personal and professional goals. According to Grossman and Valiga (2009), the leader can help staff rise to their highest level of competency. Connection to the Organization Interconnected pieces of the organization that can be effected by the CNO’s decisions are structural, political, human resource, and organizational culture (Grossman & Valiga, 2009). The structural piece is connected by effecting nursing departments throughout the organization. While those departments with 8 hour shifts are minimally effected, those with 12 hour shifts are significantly impacted. The political piece has ramifications of a positive nature for the organization. Funds that are saved from the special pay practices change can be utilized to augment other programs for growth. The human resource piece has a significant impact by the decision to delete the special pay practices. Employees are affected by a decrease in pay resulting in employee dissatisfaction if the change is not accepted or understood. Organizational culture is affected by removing special pay practices as an option, going forward; the culture will focus on certification pay and tuition reimbursement. The new way or new leadership will adjust to form relationships and connect others to challenge old, bureaucratic organizational structures and old ways of doing things (Grossman & Valiga, 2009). Summary The discontinuation of special pay practices is a change that has been implemented within the organization. Leaders of the organization were given the necessary information to respond to employees as a result of the change. Decisions made effect the structural, political, human resource, and culture of an organization. Reference Grossman, S.C., & Valiga, T.M., (2009). The new leadership challenge: Creating the future of nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA

Leadership and Management Essay

Education is a very important institution due to the role it plays in transmitting social skills and knowledge required of any member of the society (Hofman, Gray & Daly, 2004). It is worth noting that the levels of development of a country’s education systems bears close correlation to the economic and social conditions that the said country will afford. It is therefore upon members of the society and the education system to ensure that members of the society achieve as much as possible from this system. High attainment in eduction is far much beneficial than low level education in the modern society due to the high level of educational attainment. A doctorate degree is currently what an undergraduate degree was in the 1990’s (Hofman, Gray & Daly, 2004). The level of educational attainment requires an individual to posses at least a masters degree to stand out among others. The need to stand above others and gain some advantage over them in the competitive job market is the main reason for my pursuance of a doctoral degree. In choosing educational leadership and management of higher institutions in Singapore the key consideration was my vocation. I have personally worked in the educational field in different capacity. Having served as an assistant head of international programs at Crestar institute, human resource management with a Christian association, lectured English at Kaplan city campus and being a full time consultant trainer at NTUC, my life has centred around management and higher institution of learning. Understanding the nature of higher education leadership and management in Singapore is therefore relevant to my career. Relevance of USQ Doctorate studies is about mastery and application of principles and theories studied in class. A doctorate graduate should be able to analyse and relate issues related to their area of specialisation by giving varied dimension. Doctorate graduates are expected to be above other levels not just in their approach to thinking but they must also display high levels of norms and values expected of the society (Mok, 2006). Mastery of principles that are relevant to the needs of the society, and the development of norms and values that are expected of the society are just but a few of the benefits expected of a USQ professional doctorate; it is thus clear that the program not only makes better specialists but also better members of the society by integrating the values of determination, team spirit and courage into the students. The role played by the education system just like any other social systems cannot be done by any other system. Propagation of social norms and development of skills that are relevant to the needs of the society are some of the objectives of the education system. Though the education systems is one of the oldest institution, the development of the higher educations sector in Singapore is a recent event. Singapore’s education system though quite organised as compared to its neighbours’ is faced with a number of challenges (Lee & Fredriksen, 2008). Most challenges in the education system can be traced to the management and leadership of the education system. Despite the education system being a social systems it still falls prey to the effects of partisan politic. The involvement of the central government on educational matter cannot be avoided since the education system is under the government’s care, however, the education system should be shielded from the negative effects of poor politics. Corruption lack of professional knowledge and nepotisms are some of the issue that affect the education systems at the low level. Researching on education management and leadership in higher education sector not only develops my research skills but also ensure awareness on issues that affect management and leadership of higher education sector and is therefore relevant to efficient delivery in future. Personal Capabilities Doctorate studies require good academic background and interest in the area of study. Determination defines me; level of education attainment and the nature of jobs that I have been involved in give me the experience and skills required to undertake a doctorate course. I am well versed in the management of the education system and problems faced by low level personnel like tutors and professors. My position places me in a situation where I can look at the issues from both the management and implementation level which is a capability that few have. My academic qualification is beyond question for I am a holder of a masters degree in education. I therefore possess the skills and qualification required of doctorate degree and there is no cause for worry on my abilities. Literature Review The education system thought critical to the development of the society is no stranger to controversy. Implementation of the education system goals has especially been under fire with some coming up with the view that the education system, just like any other social system is responsible for social reproduction (Kassem, Mufti & Robinson, 2006). The education systems is seen by such critics as a tool used by those in power to ensure they maintain their position while disregarding the needs of the less empowered. It is quite true that commercialisation of education has led to increase in levels of educational attainment. Increase in levels of educational attainment is characterised by increase in the cost of acquiring higher education. The costs of education at a level that is relevant to the development of technical skills required by the job market is high and borders exploitation (Kassem, Mufti & Robinson, 2006). Projection shows that the cost of education is likely to go up with increase in demand for education. This is blamed on commercialisation of education which has made it business like and therefore probe to the market forces of supply and demand the only differences being that the demand is always on a high. On the other hand, the commercialisation of education and strategies developed by the government and other stakeholders who are blamed for the problems facing education by social reproduction theorists is cited as the first step towards the development of the high education sector (Mok, 2006). Take China as an example, the reforms which included allowing privatisation of the higher education sector and formulation and implementation of cost sharing mechanism are cited as the key driving factors to the levels of development achieved (Mok, 2006).

Graphing Calculators essays

Graphing Calculators essays Students begin the study of algebra. The numbers of those who do not understand are gradually reduced. They struggle at first, and eventually most begin to understand. Or do they? Studies would suggest otherwise. A great amount of research has been done in the past decade in an attempt to find out why Americans are consistently near the bottom on international comparative studies in mathematics. The minimum requirements of most universities establish a passing high school grade in one algebra, and one geometry course, as necessary for acceptance. Failure to meet these requirements excludes thousands each year from college entrance. A significantly large percentage of those who do pass, enter college with deficiencies in mathematics. Even upon completion of college algebra the struggle is not over. Calculus is the final summit that looms over the prospective college graduate. Demana (1995) says, Though college students may have had as much as 2 Â ½ years of algebra instruction, one of the most common complaints that we hear from our colleagues about college calculus students is that the algebra preparation for calculus is very poor. And it is our experience that this criticism is a valid one. American performance when compared internationally is alarmingly, but not surprisingly weak. In a recent study that compared four nations, the United States was ranked last. In most areas of relevance, Americans were three to five times behind the other countries (Brenner, Herman, Hsiu-Zu Ho, Barbara, 1999). The focus of much research on international mathematics competency has been the ability of the pupil to obtain a correct answer (Herman, 1995). In the study entitled Cross National Comparison of Representational Competence (Brenner, Herman, Hsiu-Zu Ho, Barbara, 1999), the authors take a unique approach. Past research establishes that American students tend to utilize a visual technique in ...

Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Biography

Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Biography Arguably the most conservative justice in recent U.S. Supreme Court history, Clarence Thomas is well-known for his conservative/libertarian leanings. He strongly supports states rights and takes a strict constructivist approach to interpreting the U.S. Constitution. He has consistently taken political conservative positions in decisions dealing with executive power, free speech, the death penalty and affirmative action. Thomas is unafraid of voicing his dissent with the majority, even when it is politically unpopular. Early Life Thomas was born June 23, 1948, in the small, impoverished town of Pin Point, Ga., the second of three children born to M.C. Thomas and Leola Williams. Thomas was abandoned by his father at the age of two and left to the care of his mother, who raised him as a Roman Catholic. When he was seven, Thomas mother remarried and sent him and his younger brother to live with his grandfather. At his grandfathers request, Thomas left his all-black high school to attend seminary school, where he was the only African American on campus. Despite experiencing extensive racism, Thomas nevertheless graduated with honors. Formative Years Thomas had considered becoming a priest, which was one reason he chose to attend St. John Vianneys Minor Seminary in Savannah, where he was one of just four Black students. Thomas was still on track to be a priest when he attended Conception Seminary College, but he left after hearing a student utter a racist comment in response to the murder of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Thomas transferred to the College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts, where he founded the Black Student Union. After graduation, Thomas failed a military medical exam, which excluded him from being drafted. He then enrolled in Yale Law School. Early Career Immediately after graduating from law school, Thomas found it difficult to obtain a job. Many employers falsely believed that he received his law degree due only to affirmative action programs. Nevertheless, Thomas landed a job as an assistant US attorney for Missouri under John Danforth. When Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate, Thomas worked as a private attorney for an agriculture firm from 1976 to 1979. In 1979, he returned to work for Danforth as his legislative assistant. When Ronald Reagan was elected in 1981, he offered Thomas a job as Assistant Secretary of Education in the Office of Civil Rights. Thomas accepted. Political Life Not long after his appointment, the president promoted Thomas to head the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. As director of the EEOC, Thomas angered civil rights groups when he shifted the focus of the agency from filing class-action discrimination lawsuits. Instead, he concentrated on reducing discrimination in the workplace, and emphasizing his philosophy of self-reliance for African Americans, chose to pursue individual discrimination suits. In 1990, President George H.W. Bush appointed Thomas to the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington DC. Supreme Court Nomination Less than a year after Thomas was appointed to the appeals court, Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall- the nations first African American Justice- announced his retirement. Bush, impressed with Thomas conservative positions, nominated him to fill the position. Facing a Democrat-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee and the wrath of civil rights groups, Thomas faced stiff opposition. Recalling how conservative Judge Robert Bork had doomed his nomination by providing detailed answers at his confirmation hearings, Thomas was hesitant to provide lengthy answers to interrogatories. Anita Hill Just before the end of his hearings, an FBI investigation was leaked to the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding sexual harassment allegations leveled at Thomas by former EEOC staff worker Anita Hill. Hill was aggressively questioned by the committee and offered shocking details of Thomas alleged sexual misconduct. Hill was the only witness to testify against Thomas, although  another staffer offered similar allegations in a written statement.   Confirmation Although Hills testimony had transfixed the nation, preempted soap operas and competed for airtime with the World Series, Thomas never lost is composure, maintaining his innocence throughout the proceedings, yet expressing his outrage at the circus the hearings had become. In the end, the judiciary committee was deadlocked at 7-7, and the confirmation was sent to the full Senate for a floor vote with no recommendation being made. Thomas was confirmed 52-48 along partisan lines in one of the narrowest margins in Supreme Court history. Service to the Court Once his nomination was secured and he took his seat on the High Court, Thomas quickly asserted himself as a conservative justice. Aligned primarily with conservative justices William Rehnquist and Antonin Scalia, Thomas is nonetheless his own man. He has offered lone dissenting opinions, and at times, has been the sole conservative voice on the Court.

McWorld Vs. Jihad by Benjamin Barber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

McWorld Vs. Jihad by Benjamin Barber - Essay Example Neither of these two sides wishes to compromise, as the corporations are only worried about expanding their company in order to maximize profits and the tribal communities are only concern with keeping the corporations away, so conflict will always exist. Also, neither of these two sides is interested in democracy, so a battle of wills is taking place in these regions. This book does an excellent job of describing the problems that have occurred since globalization became a reality and the ideas that are presented here can be applied to a number of present day issues in society. The most obvious place where this ideology can be applied is in the Middle East, where militants have become tired of the Americanization of their economies and have decided to do something about it. In these places, war has always been a common answer to problems, as the various tribes in these areas have been feuding for centuries. Conflict is nothing new in the Middle East, so it should not be surprising that there has been a violent uprising in response to the globalization that had been attempting to sweep through the region. Since the region is very rich in oil reserves, corporations feel as though there are ways to make money off of the situation. This greed has made the area very attractive, but this attraction has come at a price. Different groups of people lay claim to various regions in the Middle East, even to the point where the present day borders are disputed regularly. Jihad and McWorld are moving in completely opposite directions, with one siding wishing to make the world a smaller place and the other side wishing to isolate the various tribes so that they each have their own space and are left alone. The problem, according to Barber, is that neither of these sides act democratically, which will causes for the current problems to last well into

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Argument - Essay Example In the light of the above, it may be argued that it is necessary to keep cultural traditions even if a person has moved into a new country because old culture has its own relevance in an individual’s life. Americanized immigrants like Vietnamese believe that their children will not keep their traditions alive because they do not understand why the rituals are performed on occasions. They believe that the tradition will culminate with the present generation. The children of immigrants have no idea about the prayers to be made to long departed souls. Though the old generation makes it a point to perform all the cultural traditions in varying occasions even if they live in the United States asking for the protection and guidance of the departed souls, their children are only interested in worldly matters of studies, degrees and recognitions. The agrarian ethos of family and worship has given way to the obsession of individual’s glories and ambitions. Keeping tradition alive, however, does not move away from the responsibility of the Americanized younger immigrant generations because at some point of time they regret and feel guilt for not carrying forward their cultural values (Lam 2003). It may be noted that there is not such element as timeless tradition because immigrants consider life of their ethnic society from a different perspective in a foreign land. To keep the tradition alive, immigrants usually build up their version of tradition by re-conceptualizing their past in the new foreign society to discuss issues and dilemmas. The invented tradition has a significance of its own because immigrants interpret and function in the present society according to the cultural models of the past. Factors that help immigrants to keep their cultural traditions of their home country alive are strong immigrant institutions and communities, ethnic networks and transnational relations. In

Marketing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing - Literature review Example literature review will look at the effects of the product placement on the consumer behavior and how likely are the product placement to change consumers mode of buying a certain commodity. It is crucial for people to know how to use product placement positively (Johnson, 2009). Product placement is the use of diverse types of media to make people conscious of different products and services when they are entertained through watching. Its development dates back upto 1896, when it was used by Lumiere brothers in their short film â€Å"washing day in Switzerland† and they advertised soap. It was introduced by Henri Lavancy who was the film director and publicist for the soap company but, it became popular in the 1930’s when the sound movie was introduced. For example, in 1934 in the movie, â€Å"It happened One Night,† the star Clarke Gable featured bare chest and sale of men’s shirts reduced; therefore, use of the movie is a strong tool of product placement (Johnson, 2009). It gained popularity with the years, but in 1980’s, it became more successful when the movie â€Å"Extra Terrestrial† by Steven Spielberg advertised Reese Pieces and increased its sales by 65%. The 80’s was the turning point of product placement where there was a working partnership between the movies and the commercial sector. According to Mary-Lou, product placement is necessary because moviemakers need money for their movie production; therefore, they will turn to the commercial sector to provide the money and them to provide the services of product placement (Johnson, 2009). Product placement in Sweden developed in the 1990’s when the real first commercial commenced, this was due to strict government regulations on media operations. It has been embraced in the recent past, for example, where TV shows get sponsorship from the commercial sector in SVT. In Kanal 5, the home improvement show â€Å"Room Service† was sponsored Marlamastana which is the trading association of painters. To

The Globalization At Macro Level Business Essay

The Globalization At Macro Level Business Essay This is a small assignment based on the question of Globalisation is inevitability for both manufacturing and service organisations .As an SME in your country, what does this challenge mean for business sustainability This report is consists of many factors which have adverse implications on the overall goals of the organisation. In this cutthroat competitive milieu globalisation has played a pivotal role in the ever-changing environment of the organization. Further, constant change in the culture and system of the organisation has their own significance in the organizational culture that will be discussed exhaustively in this report. Research Methodology GLOBALIZATION: Arguably, the biggest single challenge facing managers today is globalization: the creation of a unified world marketplace (Dunphy et al, 2007). According to (Brunes.B, 2009)Allied to globalisation, however, are three other challenges: how to achieve sustainability in a world of dwindling natural resources and increasing environmental pollution, how to manage an increasingly diverse workforce and at a time when business leaders are considered less trustworthy than ever before, how manage ethically. On the other hand (Jones, 1995; Deresky, 2000) thinks that globalisation is the name of economic phenomenon, which is related to the integration and Convergence of economic systems through the growth in international trade investment and capital flows (Jones, 1995; Deresky, 2000). While some authors has suggested that it is a merely combination of four factors such as social, cultural and technological elements. (Giddens, 2002) assures that with the help of globalization death of the distance is certainly possible. But, it also makes it possible for the organisation to cross the boundaries and start the cross culture communication with other organisations. According to the Reich (1998) shows some agreement amongst the writers that what is driving globalisation? Whether its intensification of international competition, economic liberalisation, removal of trade barriers or advent of new technologies. But some authors has unfortunately shed some light over the factors which brought about many conflicts between the stakeholders who see it as a force for global good and those who see it as the oppression of poor nations by rich ones (economist, 2002, Hosbawm, 2008; Klein, 2001; Stiglitz, 2007). (Brunes, 2008) According to a research more than half of the 100 larges t economies in the world were private corporations. Further, the sales of Ford and General Motors combined were greater than the combined GDP of sub sharan Africa. Which clearly proves the point of conflicts when globalization was seen as a force of global good and a oppression for the poorer community. Globalisation has its own implications that may hamper the organisations some ways or either helps organisations to grow and sustain in the market for a longer period. Sustainability stems from the same notion of having a globalized milieu with a set rules pre-defined by the regulatory bodies as per the behaviour and pattern of the organisation. (Brunes.B, 2008) has defined sustainability by highlighting the characteristics of sustainable organisations. There is a wide spread view that governments must solve environmental problems. However, the major multinationals outstrip many of the worlds national economies in terms of wealth and power, and their global coverage allows them to escape the requirements of particular governments seeking to place severe environmental restrictions on them. They can simply move their operations across national borders. In addition to that, (Dunphy et al, 2007) argues that it is highly likely that an organization the one who operates in competitive and hostile market, it has to work as per the desire of the stakeholders for increased profit with the need to act in the wider and long term interests of society as a whole. Therefore, the organisations in the volatile external environment are not potent enough to sustain in a scenario whereby managers do not have the authority to divorce their actions from the wider impact they have on society. Adding that, (Brunes.B, 2008) nor can they ignore the fact tha t a sustainable future of the organisation needs a non-volatile open and close system in the external environment of the organisation. In order to, bring about the sustenance in the system of the organisation. Incremental and transformational approaches should be intertwined in a way, which will then help to create a sustainable organisation. While, (Docherty et al 2002) proposed a theory that sustainability is not about the relationship of organisations to their environment, or the depletion of natural resources. But, sustainability encompasses three levels: individual, the organisational and societal. It is evident with the recent studies that sustainability is not merely the name of satisfying the needs of some group of people at the cost of others. But, it is a name of a cohesive process, which creates bond between the customers, personnel owner and society. Due to this reason, many organisations in Asian countries were unable to survive or stop functioning properly at some point. 2.2. Work Force Diversity:As Jones et al (2000) defines that: Diversity is dissimilarities differences among the people due to age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background and capabilities. It has very severe implications if it is not handled well. Any organisation can easily collapse in this highly globalised environment. In many transnational organisations people are engaging with the workforce of other culture and creating a synergy as per the requirement of production or service based company. In the case of Muslim Charity, which has made strategic alliances or co-partnering with the regional companies to deliver their projects in far fetch areas. (Brunes, 1998) By and large, migration and recruitment has been the important factors for transnational organisations as well. But, in high context cultural (leadership, 2008) countries preference of male over the female is always evident. Though, it has been proved time and again that organisations in economically developed countries accepted the workforce of minority (women). Yet (Cummings and Worley, 2001, 429-30) are in consent with each other at one point that is contemporary workforce characteristics are radically different from what they were just twenty years ago. Employees represent every ethnic background and colour range from highly educated to illiterate, vary in age as well and parents may have dual income or physically or mentally challenged. (Brunes, 2008) point outs that culture is not about the fact that all work forces possess the common work ethos and reacts in the same way. But, Ricks (1999) raised a very critical point about cultural differences that they are the most significant and troublesome variables encountered by the multinational company. Failure to understand this very point comprehensively can mislead managers of the organisations. This is where managers made many blunders. For instance, Muslim charity has a very diversified culture to extent whereby, sometimes conglomerates unable to resolve the disparities that pops up every now then. The main rationale behind is the differences in the culture. Moreover, (Hofstede, 1980) successfully determined the similarities and differences between national culture and the implications of these for the management of different groups. For example, workers from UK-Muslim Charity will be less effective if they to manage a group of employees from south Africa-Muslim Charity. On the contrary of that, (Cumming and Worley, 2001) came up with the brilliant concept that comprehensively covers all the dimensions of diversity. Diversity results from people who bring different resources and perspectives to the work place and who have distinctive needs preferences expectations and lifestyles. Therefore, In order to gain a competitive advantage organisations must establish a division that appraise the performance of the work force. Although, (Hofsetede, 1980) work on understanding the culture was criticised enormously by other authors on national cultures. Further, Hofsetede work showed some resemblance with the contemporary work of Handys (1986) in which he explained that four forms is striking. But, it has been observed from the past research work that in many organisations both role and task cultures are prevalent simultaneously. For instance, in most countries Muslim Charitys organisational environment is purely based upon the role culture. While, in low context culture where only task culture is prevalent only. In addition to this, both task and role culture is prevalent in the headquarter milieu. (Rogers et al, 2006) Bain and Company found a very interesting research on culture that: Culture is at the heart of competitive advantage, particularly where it comes sustaining high performance. Bain company research found that nearly 70 percent of business leaders agree: Culture provides the greatest source of competitive advantage. In fact, more than 80 percent believe an organisation that lacks a high performance culture is doomed to mediocrity. 2.3 Indvidualism v collectivism: (www.geert-hofstede.com) Geert Hofstede had explained about the Individualism and collectivism that they are the two ends of a framework. One, which is defined as a loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate families only. Its opposite is collectivism in which preference is given to the tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a particular in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. In the context of Muslim charity transition in the culture of the organisation is taking place where a framework of individualism is not viable in the system and subsystem of the organisation. Instead, Collectivism is replacing individualistic culture incrementally in the internal environment of Muslim Charity, whereby; internal stakeholders are performing conditionally in exchange of the reward system. Which is expected from the group of employers. Thus, the culture of individualism within the strategic business units or the divisions of regional offices of Muslim Charity is on the lower side. 2.4 MASCULINITY FEMININITY: Further, Hofstede highlighted more on the importance of the masculinity femininity. The masculinity side of this dimension represents a preference in society for achievements, heroism, assertiveness and material reward for success. Society at large is more competitive. Its opposite, femininity, stands for a preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak and quality of life. Society at large is more consensus-oriented. By and large, preference to the masculinity over femininity has been removed from the ethos of Muslim Charity and a constant incremental change has enabled the system to adopt a policy whereby, equality has become the preference of charitable trust. However, some policies should be adopted whereby, everyone has the power to contribute and internal stakeholders expects a reward system purely based on fair policy specifically at the international stage. It has been observed in the 3rd world countries where organisations have not been able to adopt fair policy for both the sexes. Resulting, a great loss of human capital. Although, according to the (www.wolframaalpha.com) statistics of 2008 in Pakistan. Unemployment ratio remains to a 8%. But, the feminine community were ignored in all the sectors. One more critical point put forward by (Brunes.B, 2008) Hofstede, cultural dimension model that every organisation has its own orientation. Which is classified into two kinds; namely, employee oriented and employer oriented. First form of orientation is purely revolves around the employees preference to their personal goals which are entirely not align with the organisational aims. Employees try to attain these personal goals on the expense of organizational objectives. On the contrary, notion of employer orientation is the way of engaging employees and realign their orientation to attain common objectives of the organisation. In the culture of Muslim Charity this has been the most critical point. This is where management has not yet been able to successfully execute a work plan for employees. Resulting, a horrendous consequences faced by the organisation which ultimately hampered the working capital of the organisation. Employer orientated guidelines are required at national and int ernational platforms that will exhibit synergy at all levels in the hierarchy of the Muslim Charity. 2.5 Degree of leadership style: In (Brunes.B, 2008) Hofstedes cultural dimensional theory the very last element that is known as leadership style. It plays a vital role in the organisational culture as a whole which really transform and shifts it two a new level. (Brookes, 2008) There is no iota of doubt that different leadership styles bring various outcomes for the organisations, which are then used effectively by the leaders as per the requirement. (LD, 2008) Leadership styles are classified into three categories, which are as follows: a) Participative, b) Authoritarian c) Delegative. In the internal environment of Muslim Charity more or less all the styles of leadership are required. Due to low coercive power the flow of information in the scale of chain of command never transfer from operational core to strategic apex (bottom to top)(Bpp, 2008). As result of this, untimely delays in the decision-making makes it even harder for senior management to take S.M.A.R.T (G. jones, 2010) decisions. Occasional authoritative style will help organisation to attain its goals. However, long-term dictatorial culture in the high context cultural organisation can bring numerous conflicts. Which can cost heavily to any organisation, which has certainly deteriorated the internal environment of Muslim Charity. Pace-setting style which will enable the Muslim charity to engage employees to bring about their individual skills and delegate and participate in the operational activities that will increase the leverage of the business in the long run. 2.6 POWER DISTANCE: This refers to the response to power and authority at different levels of a hierarchy no society functions without some hierarchy and power distances. In cultures where power distances appear low, their informally prevails or is more subtle and is not necessary responding to a formal structure, close work supervision would be presented in cultures with wider power distances, the members of that society accept and respect hierarchy and even encourage it. Manager would expect autocratic decision-making. Employees work is organised according to what the next line of managers expect. So, (Brunes.B, 2008) Hofstede has looked at one very interesting dimension here as he recognizes social inequalities in many countries and work environments these are a part of life. (G. Jones, 2010) interestingly sub-classified the power distance in various categories. As per the classification Muslim Charity falls under the category of power distances coercive and legitimate power. Where power is centred at one place and a very limited delegation of authority prevails in such organisations. In particular low context culture organisation possess such distance powers. In the context of globalisation and conjunction of two power distances can some time possess uncertain threats to the open and close systems of the organisation? As a result of this processes within the organisation discontinue itself, which will then create hindrance in the flow of information of hierarchical structure. 4. Uncertainty Avoidance According to (Hofstede, 1980) the fourth dimension that Hofstede distinguishes is the uncertainty dimension. The spectrum is made up of uncertainty avoidance on the one end and uncertainty tolerance on the other end. Further, it can be defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations, this expresses itself in the work place for example in the need for predictability. This dimension refers to the extent of the need to avoid uncertainty in life. Where this dimension is high, the effects of conflict, organisational politics, and competition at the work place are more feared. Naturally stress levels are higher, individuals are less entrepreneurial or independent. At the other end of the spectrum the opposite applies because the work force is willing to take risk, be less resistant to change and have less stress and job anxiety. To combine both power distance and uncertainty avoidance, consider figure 1.0 which is as simplified extraction from Hofstedes work to serve as an example only. Diagram of hofstede model. According to the model Pakistan falls under 3rd quadrant where the power distance is always very low in comparison with the uncertainty avoidance. In such circumstances due to high uncertainty avoidance whereby everything is structured in a society and rules that are required in the society are very stringent. In case of Muslim Charity uncertainty tolerance in the UK division is very low in comparison with the other end of the uncertainty spectrum. Collectivist . Pakistan 4Quadrant 3rd Quadrant Individualist . Britain 2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant Feminine Masculine [figure is taken from Brunes. B, (2009), Managing Change] Fig1.0 Britain East Africa Uncertainty Avoidance Power Distance Low Distance High Distance [figure is taken from Brunes. B, (2009), Managing Change] 5. Globalization at macro level: As numerous writers has written a lot about globalization at various occasions. By and large the fundamental definition of globalization will change in the context of macro and microeconomics level. According to (www.Beerkens.info) the characteristics of the globalisation trend include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labour, new migratory movements from south to north, the new competitive environment that generates these processes and the internationalizing of the state making states into agencies of the globalising world. 6. Key Drivers for Globalization: One of the authors had come up with 4 key drivers of globalisation. A change small change in any of the following drivers can have critical implications on the economic outlook of any country. Which will thus, slows the growth of companies. a) Customer drivers, b) Cost Drivers, c) competition Drivers, and Country Driver. As far as the cost driving force in terms customer is concerned will challenge any organisation when the demand and satisfaction need of all the customers converge and becomes a common need altogether. Afterwards, it would become very easy to run the business on a common platform. Cost Drivers: it is very crucial to recover or save the cost in the production of the service. While, at the same time company enables itself to increase its economies of scale that will allow the company to spread the cost and thus reduce or mitigate the financial risk on geographical bases. Henceforth, Muslim charity can achieve the economies of scale by sale volumes globally. Country Drivers: are the key fundamentals drivers that may bring about the increase in the overall profit of the MNCs (Multinational National Corporation). Economic trade policies (Whittington, et al, 2009) and (Porter. M,1982) reduction trade barriers can really thrive the profitability of any business. In addition, to this globalization also underpins the regulations related to standardization of either product based businesses or serviced based. As a result of that, meeting those standards can reduce the chances of speeding the cross-cultural business. Further, for Muslim Charity reaching to the wider audience requires a common cross communication tools and ethical standards, which will easily facilitate the business to run openly on, cross communication bases. Competition Drivers: (Whittington et al 2008) in this cut throat competition at global level. It is very important to determine the optimal capability profile of the competitors, which ensures their level to do business at local or progress it towards next level of globalization. According to (G.jones, 2008) competitors has the biggest say of driving the focus of competition from one level to another or divert the focus from one thing to another. (Porter.M, 1982) whenever the rivalry increases specially with the entry of new entrants into the market and they emerge from regional level to compete at international level. Resulting a profound impact of globalization will become evident for longer period. For instance, Muslim Charity is entering at the gross root level in charity sector of Bangladesh to penetrate the market by competing with the movers and shakers of the market at domestic level first and then progress further towards global level. According to (G. Jones, 2010) for a company to become less competitive or show no incline towards the competition will depend upon some factors as shown in the figure. Firstly, it has to remain competitive localised by having a certain niche strategy in the market, which is shown in the 1st quadrant of the figure. For a geographical space in the market occupying a certain space of product scope for sustainability perspective will bring about the competitive international broad range strategy which will push company to become globalised but at the same time remain uncontested. In the context of Muslim Charity moving from quadrant 2 to 4 is to expand the business by being local. Instead tapping the international market on regional and geographical level while, keeping the current competitive position. While, option 5 whereby the company has to sustain itself by closely reading the market condition and determining the ability of the competitors to market the transition. Product Scope Local or National Competitive Localised Niche Strategy 1 Competitive Localised Broad Range Strategy 3 International or Regional Competitive International Niche strategy 2 Competitive 4 International Broad Range Strategy Geographic market scope Globalise 5 [figure is taken from Brunes. B, (2009), Managing Change] 7. CONCLUSION: Finally, Intricate and demanding processes of Muslim Charity requires rigorous and intensive exercise of all the 6 dimensions of Haofstede model which will enable it to become more competitive for longer period of time. Further, it will make Muslim Charity to become order winner instead of order qualifier. If the points which were discussed comprehensively and the flaws comprehended in the report rectified practically. There is a possibility that Muslim Charity will certainly gain competitive advantage and it will sustain in the market. .